The History of Railroads From Trackways to Hyperloop Trains

Since their invention, railroads have played a huge role in further developing civilizations around the world. From ancient Greece to modern-day America, railroads have changed the way humans travel and work. The earliest form of rail transportation actually dates back to 600 B.C. The Greeks made grooves in paved limestone roads to use in conjunction with wheeled vehicles, easing the transport of boats across the Isthmus of Corinth. However, when Romans conquered the Greeks in 146 B.C., early railways fell into ruin and disappeared for more than 1,400 years. The first modern rail transport system did not make a return until the 16th century. Even then, it would be another three hundred years before the invention of the steam locomotive would transform rail transportation on a global scale.   The First Modern Railways The precursors to modern trains debuted in the early 1550s in Germany with the introduction of wagonways. These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts were able to move with greater ease than over dirt roads. By the 1770s, wooden rails had been replaced with iron ones. These wagonways evolved into tramways that spread across Europe. In 1789, Englishman William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels that were grooved, allowing the wheels to better grip the rail. This important design feature was carried forward to later locomotives. Until the 1800s, railways were constructed of cast-iron. Unfortunately, cast-iron was prone to rust and it was brittle, often causing it to fail under stress.  In 1820, John Birkinshaw invented a more durable material called wrought-iron. This innovation, although an improvement over cast-iron was still flawed, however, it became the standard until the advent of the Bessemer process enabled the cheaper  production of steel in the late 1860s, sparking the rapid expansion of railways not only across America but around the world. Eventually, the Bessemer process was replaced by the use of open-hearth furnaces, which further reduced the cost of steel production and allowed trains to connect most major cities in the United States by the end of the 19th century. The Industrial Revolution and the Steam Engine With the groundwork laid out for an advanced system of railways, all that was left to do was find a means to transport more people and more goods for more lengthy distances over a shorter period of time. The answer came in the form of one of the most significant inventions of the Industrial Revolution, the  steam engine, which was critical to the development of the modern railroad and trains. In 1803, a man named Samuel Homfray decided to fund the development of a steam-powered vehicle to replace the horse-drawn carts on the tramways. Richard Trevithick built that vehicle, the first steam engine tramway locomotive. On February 22, 1804, the locomotive hauled a load of 10 tons of iron, 70 men, and five extra wagons the nine miles between the ironworks at Pen-y-Darron in the town of Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, to the bottom of Abercynnon valley. The trip took about two hours to complete. In 1812, English inventor George Stephenson became a colliery engineer for the Stockton and Darlington Railway Line. By 1814, hed built his first locomotive for them. Not long after, he convinced the owners to try out a steam-powered locomotive. The first effort was named the Locomotion. While Stephenson  is credited as the inventor of the first steam locomotive engine for railways, Trevithicks invention is cited as the first tramway locomotive. In 1821, Englishman  Julius Griffiths became the first person to patent a passenger road locomotive. By September 1825, using Stephensons locomotives, the Stockton Darlington Railroad Company launched the first railroad to carry both goods and passengers traveling on regular schedules. These new trains could pull six loaded coal cars and 21 passenger cars with a capacity of 450 passengers over nine miles in about an hour. Not long after that, Stephenson opened his own firm built, Robert Stephenson and Company. His most famous prototype, Stephenson’s Rocket, was designed and built for the  Rainhill Trials, an 1829 event held by the  Liverpool and Manchester Railway  to choose the best design to power their new locomotives. The  Rocket, the most advanced locomotive of its day, won handily and went on to set the standard by which most steam engines would be built for the next 150 years. The American Railroad System Colonel  John Stevens  is considered to be the father of railroads in the United States. In 1826, Stevens demonstrated the feasibility of steam locomotion on an experimental circular track constructed at his estate in Hoboken, New Jersey—three years before  Stephenson perfected a practical steam locomotive in England. Stevens was granted the first railroad charter in North America in 1815 but others began to receive grants and work began on the first operational railroads soon after. In 1930, Peter Cooper  designed and built the first American-built steam locomotive, the Tom Thumb, to be operated on a common-carrier railroad. Another major train innovation of the 19th century didnt have anything to do with propulsion or power supply. Instead, it was all about passenger comfort. George Pullman  invented the Pullman Sleeping Car in 1857. Although sleeping cars had been in use on American railroads since the 1830s, the Pullman car was designed specifically for overnight passenger travel and was considered a marked improvement over its predecessors. The Drawbacks of Steam Power While steam-powered locomotives had an undeniable impact on transportation and economic expansion over the course of the 19th century, the technology was not without its drawbacks. One of the most problematic was the smoke that resulted from burning coal and other fuel sources. While the noxious byproducts were tolerable in open countryside, even early on, the hazards created by fuel exhaust became all the more apparent as railroads encroached on more populated areas, which in turn, necessitated a growing number of underground tunnels to accommodate trains headed for urban destinations.  In a tunnel situation, smoke could turn lethal, especially if a train got stuck below ground. Trains powered by electricity seemed an obvious alternative but early electric train technology simply couldnt keep up with steam for long distances. Electric Locomotives Get a Slow Start The first prototype for an electric locomotive was built in 1837 by Scottish chemist  Robert Davidson, powered by  galvanic battery cells. Davidson’s next locomotive, a larger version named  the Galvani, debuted at the  Royal Scottish Society of Arts  Exhibition in 1841. It weighed seven tons, had two  direct-drive  reluctance motors that used fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to wooden cylinders on each axle. While it was tested on the  Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway  in September of 1841, the limited power of its batteries scuttled the project. The Galvani was later destroyed by railroad workers who viewed the alternative technology as a potential threat to their livelihoods. The brainchild of Werner von Siemens, the first electric passenger train, consisting of a locomotive and three cars, made its maiden run in 1879 in Berlin. The train had a maximum speed of just over eight miles per hour (13  km). Over the course of four months, it transported 90,000 passengers on a 984-foot (300-meter) circular track. The trains 150-volt direct current was supplied via an insulated third rail. Electric tram lines began gaining popularity, first in Europe and later in the United States, after the first made its appearance in 1881 in Lichterfelde just outside Berlin, Germany. By 1883 an electric tram was running in Brighton, England and the tram that launched service near Vienna, Austria, the same year was the first in regular service to be powered by an overhead line. Five years later, electric trolleys  designed by  Frank J. Sprague (an inventor who’d once worked for Thomas Edison) took to the tracks for the Richmond Union Passenger Railway.   The Transition for Steam to Electric The first underground  electric rail line was launched by the  City and South London Railway in 1890. Five years later, Sprague came up with a game-changing multiple-unit traction control system (MU) for trains. Each car was equipped with its a traction motor and motor-controlled relays. All the cars drew power from the front of the train and the traction motors worked in unison. The MUs got their first practical installation for the  South Side Elevated Railroad  (now part of the  Chicago L) in 1897. With the success of Sprague’s invention, electricity soon took over as the power supply of choice for subways. In 1895, a four-mile stretch of the  Baltimore Belt Line  of the  Baltimore and Ohio Railroad  (BO) that connected to the New York became the first American main rail line to be electrified. Steam locomotives pulled up to the south end of the electrified line, and were then coupled to electric-powered trains and pulled through the tunnels that surrounded Baltimore. New York City  was one of the earliest to ban steam engines from their train tunnels. In the aftermath of a 1902 Park Avenue tunnel collision, the use of smoke-generating locomotives was outlawed south of the  Harlem River. The New York Central Railroad started using electric locomotives by 1904. Beginning in 1915, the  Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad  electrified service across the  Rocky Mountains and to the West Coast. By the 1930s, the  Pennsylvania Railroad had electrified its entire territory east of  Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. With the advent of diesel-powered trains in the 1930s and the following decades, the expansion of infrastructure for electric-powered trains slowed. Eventually, however, diesel and electric power would be combined to create several generations of electro-diesels and hybrids that employed the best of both technologies and would go on to become the standard for many railway lines. Advanced Train Technologies In the 1960s and early 1970s, there was considerable interest in the possibility of building passenger trains that could travel much faster than conventional trains. From the 1970s, interest in an alternative high-speed technology centered on magnetic levitation, or  maglev, in which cars ride on an air cushion created by the electromagnetic reaction between an onboard device and another embedded in its guideway. The first high-speed rail ran between Tokyo and Osaka in Japan and opened in 1964. Since then, many more such systems have been built around the world, including in Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Scandinavia, Belgium, South Korea, China, the United Kingdom, and Taiwan. The United States has also discussed installing a high-speed rail between San Francisco and Los Angeles and on the East Coast between Boston and Washington, D.C. Electric engines and advancements in train transport technologies have since allowed humans to travel at speeds of up to 320 miles per hour. Even more advancements in these machines are in the developmental stages, including the Hyperloop tube train, projected to reach speeds close to 700 miles per hour, which completed its first successful prototype test run in 2017.

Commercial Advertisement Coca Cola - 853 Words

Name: Meraba Dickson Course: Tutor: Date: Commercial Advertisement: Coca-Cola-Make It Happy Mood The mood depicted in the include commercial positivity, happiness, and optimism. For any commercial success, these moods are necessary. Optimism is a fair game. It is clear that every living thing in the universe deserves nothing other than the best, and human beings are not an exemption. From the mood shown it becomes clear that living things should treat each other as neighbors, and this is where the virtue of unity emerges. Secondly, happiness can be viewed based on the fact that at the end of the advert the insects and people are seen celebrating their success in accomplishing their set goal. The set goal at this point is ensuring that the coke bottle is opened so that each one of them benefits in one way or another. The insects are, therefore, able to achieve this through the virtue of cooperation that they incorporate. On the other hand, a mood of surprise can be depicted based on the fact that the coke bottle that the insects take belongs to a man who was laying on the ground taking a nap. After the man wakes up, he is shocked that his coke bottle is missing, and he is not able to comprehend what took place when he was asleep. It is, therefore, evident that I realized different moods in the advertisement, and this is instrumental in ensuring that the commercial attains its intended purpose. Soundtrack The music used is calm and soothing, and this is ideal for makingShow MoreRelatedCommercial Advertisement : Coca Cola Make It Happy846 Words   |  4 PagesCommercial Advertisement: Coca-Cola-Make It Happy Mood The mood depicted in the commercial is that of positivity, happiness, and optimism that we should put our variations aside so that we can all be victorious. Optimism is, therefore, depicted as it is clear that every living thing in the universe deserves nothing than the best and human beings are not an exemption. From the mood shown it becomes clear that living things should treat others as neighbors, and this is where the virtue of unity emergesRead MoreCoca Cola Vs. Pepsi Cola Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesstomach. Coca-Cola is something the average American has drank in his or her lifetime. This has been in part due to the remarkably intelligent advertisements that were made in post 1945 America. While having emphasis on its refreshing cool taste and convenience, these ads created a certain attitude with its audience causing the rise in popularity and sales. During this same time Pepsi was also on the rise competing with Coca- Cola. Both Coke and Pepsi used similar strategies but Coca- Cola gave itselfRead MoreAnalysis Of Coca Cola s Partnership With Taylor Swift, Lebron James, And Many Celebrities1496 Words   |  6 Pagesother companies, Coca-Cola has to determine who they want to make consumers aware of their beverages. The communication model is the way for marketers to determine how their messages will work. The first area of the model is the sources. In this part of the model, the company or individual within a company will develop an idea. This idea is a way in which Coca-Cola can convey their chosen method to consumers through TV commercials, sales personnel, and other forms of advertisement. Additionally, whenRead MoreEssay about Coca Cola Marketing Report1368 Words   |  6 PagesCoca Colas mission statement is broad and impressive, including, To refresh the world, To inspire moments of optimism, and To create value and make a difference. These goals are a big part of the companys marketing campaign, which includes memorable slogans like â₠¬Å"I’d like to buy the world a Coke†, â€Å"Have a Coke and a Smile†, and the most recent â€Å"Open Happiness†. All of these campaigns express a broad theme in order to connect with people from all cultures and backgrounds. Coca Cola has alwaysRead MoreThe Super Bowl1222 Words   |  5 Pagesits half time advertisement run, with some people only watching during the half time advertisement run. Like many companies marketing through advertisement is essential to the company’s success and can bring success or demise to a company. Coca-Cola has been a pioneer in advertisement even influencing American cultural perceptions, through becoming an American symbol even influencing the current perception of Santa Clause (Mckay, 50-70). Coca-Cola has for many years ran advertisements to great successRead MoreCoca Cola s Big Game Commercial Appeals1111 Words   |  5 PagesIs there such thing as an advertisement that could turn someone’s day complete ly around? Advertisements are used by companies every day to persuade viewers or make them feel a certain way about a certain situation. Some commercials show that hateful words are used every day on the internet, and are hurting the teens around the world every time they are posted for everyone to see. Like similar ads during the Super Bowl, Coca Cola’s Big Game commercial appeals to viewers through visuals and emotionsRead MoreCritical Analysis : Critical Literacy Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesFor years, families and individuals worldwide have watched and loved Coca Cola commercials for their originality, humor, and positive messages. However, one can also find their subtle meanings of the commercials by using Charles Temple analysis. Charles Temple’s â€Å"Critical Literacy† is used in this context to analyze and better understand the ideas behind the messages conveyed in a particular Coca- Cola advertisement. The ad contains components of â€Å"Critical L iteracy† that can be used to better understandRead MoreMarketing Strategies Of Coca Cola Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesCoca-Cola Advertising Strategies Since its introduction in 1886, Coca-Cola has applied a multitude of global marketing strategies through their advertising campaigns to guarantee their dominant position in the marketplace. The current technology-driven lifestyle has led to an expansion of marketing techniques to keep up with the societal demands and trends worldwide. The introduction of a new marketing approach coalesces the various product offerings within the Coca-Cola product line under a singleRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Coca Cola Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduction in 1886, Coca-Cola has applied a multitude of global marketing strategies through their advertising campaigns to guarantee their dominant position in the marketplace. The current technology-driven lifestyle has led to an expansion of marketing techniques to keep up with the societal demands and trends worldwide. The introduction of a new marketing approach coalesces the various product offerings within the Coca-Cola product line under a s ingle campaign. Coca-Cola is continuously modifyingRead MoreThe Advertisement Of Coca Cola Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is advertisement? Generally, advertisement is the activity or profession of producing information for promoting the sale of commercial products or services or ideas. Advertisement can be represented in an audio, visual or video form of marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, non-personal message to promote. Traditionally, advertisement is communicated through different way, including old media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio and outdoor advertisement etc. In

My First Class Ever At Byu - 1265 Words

In the Brigham Young University Winter 2014 semester, I timidly stepped through the doors of the Joseph Smith Building to begin my first class ever at BYU. Just having returned from my mission, I was more than ready to take on any challenge that was in my way of scholastic achievement. I was in the pre-contemplation stage of the Stages of Change, and felt no great need to change any of my study habits. As the semester went on, I began to realize the challenge that University presented to me on an intellectual level. Scrambling to cope with this unexpected challenge, I committed to my scholastic endeavors by throwing vast amounts of time into my studies. At this point I graduated to the contemplation stage, as I began to look for solutions to my agony and largely lacking scholastic achievement. My most wasteful and time consuming method of study was rote memorization, which has now become basis for the study habit I wish to change. I have initiated this process through planning and is olating what to change, as well as refining the actual method of how I was changing. The study habit I have endeavored to change is one that is manifested in every facet of the human experience. Memory is a huge portion of every activity we undertake in life, as vastly different consequences follow if our memories are honed or inferior. As a result I felt the great urgency, accompanied with an impending need, to hone my memory and render it fully-functional. The uses of memory are innumerable. AsShow MoreRelatedGirl Attends Byu As A Freshman Mechanical Engineering Student885 Words   |  4 PagesINTRO TO ME BORING STYLE: 19 years ago, a beautiful baby girl was born to two BYU students. Today that girl attends BYU as a freshman Mechanical Engineering student. Brought up by a Elementary Education major and a Computer Science major, she developed a love of reading at a very young age. That love of reading led to expanded horizons and developed a love of learning in the girl. She nervously began school and suprisingly found that it was very easy for her. As she continued through school, sheRead MoreThe First Child Born On September 11th, 1980, Layton, Utah Essay2065 Words   |  9 PagesBeginning I was born on September 11th, 1980 in Layton, Utah. I was the first child born to John William Holbrook and Jenifer Morgan. My parents had been married for a little of a year before they welcomed me into their lives. I don’t remember much from the early years of my life but my parents have told me that I had constant ear infections and didn’t sleep through the night until I was a year old. I ended up having two sets of tubes in my ears and didn’t talk very well until the second set were in placeRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay on Obama and Romney1499 Words   |  6 Pagesto hold office as the President of the United States. 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However, she may just like the walk a bit more than the class itselfRead MoreWhat Type Of Career Is It Preparing You For?1219 Words   |  5 PagesThe first question that I was presented was, â€Å"What type of career is it preparing you for?† That is really a hard question to answer properly. I have had many ideas of different careers that I have wanted to be in. Each career option I have thought about don’t really coincide with each other that much. When I was younger I thought of being a Paleontologist. Thanks to my reading of Jurassic Park and having the movie. I was only seven at the time but that is what I want to do. Later on I wanted toRead MoreThe Influence of Television in Politics2006 Words   |  9 PagesThe Influence of Televisi on in Politics Kendra Harris Brigham Young University- Idaho Author Note This paper was prepared for Professor Kiersten Lee’s FDENG 201 class. The Influence of Television in Politics â€Å"Americans are the best entertained and quite likely the least-informed people in the Western world.† (Postman, 1984, p. 2) While this statement is painfully ominous, its message is one that has been debated tirelessly since the dawn of technology. The influence of television in politicsRead MoreMy Dreams Are Out There, Go Get Them1355 Words   |  6 Pagesself-motivation to do great things with their lives† (Mustafa). The responses on getting a future education were all positive across the board and they all gave their reasons why. One female student stated, â€Å"If I go to college, I will be the first one in my family to go. It’s a sense of pride and honor that I’m gaining by going. College should be the pathway that all students take†. Going to college, getting a future education, and becoming a more knowledgeable person should be the desires of allRead MoreSex Slave : Http ( / Topdocumentaryfilms )1352 Words   |  6 Pageswith the help of the production team was able to find his wife and bring her back home. There are several social issues with this topic. One, sex trafficking has been going on since slave trade back in the 1400’s and continues today, stronger than ever. Two, it deals with primarily â€Å"12 to 14-year-old (dosomething.org)† girls and boys being abused, meaning child abuse. And Three, most international governments and police force are at most indifferent to the world of human trafficking, sometimes evenRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Vs. Every Student Succeeds Act Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesadministrators, and students were all under immense pressure being handed down directly from the federal government, in a manner which education was always spared from in the past. This pressure came primarily in the form of standardized tests; which, for the first time, the federal, not state, government is mandating. Many teachers claimed that the legislators who passed the NCLB Act are now dictating classroom procedures to them. School test scores are made public and schools receive a passing grade or a non-passingRead MoreI Am A Hall Of All Your Memories1915 Words   |  8 Pages In my gallery of memories, color provides the distinction of eras: yellows and greens represent the pleasant and content memories of my early childhood, blues and pinks exemplify the bittersweet experiences of my high school years, a rainbow of colors expresses a wide range of emotions that tint my most recent recollections, red emptiness extends into the future- seeming both ominous and comforting. At each point in my life, I envisioned a different version of my future. As I’ve reviewed my past

Learning and Stress - 1140 Words

1. Describe how you can use operant conditioning principles to a) discontinue your undesired behavior and b) replace that behavior with the desirable behavior you identified. Since I was in middle school, I have always had the bad habit of biting my nails. In the past, I have attempted to stop. I have tried to get acrylic nails, but I just ended up biting those too. I even made it my New Year’s resolution one year. So far, nothing has been successful. I would like to take this opportunity to try and stop biting my nails once and for all. The textbook defines operant conditioning as ‘the process of modifying behavior through the use of positive or negative consequences following specific behaviors. It is based on the notion that†¦show more content†¦I will attempt to use the operant conditioning method to stop biting my nails. I will reward my self by adding a dollar to my ‘manicure’ fund for each day I am successful in not biting my nails. I will also plan to bring a stress ball to work and class. When I feel the urge to bite my nails, I will squeeze the stress ball instead. I will replace my nail biting habit with using the stress ball. During the first week, I earned 5 dollars. I slipped up and started to bite my nails during one of my classes. I didn’t even realize I was doing it for about 5 minutes. I also slipped up another day while doing homework. I was successful in bringing my stress ball with me to class and work, but did not find myself using it too often. I think I need to make more of an effort to take it out when I am at my desk or in class. After 19 days, I have earned the $14 I need treat myself to a manicure. Although it took me longer than I had hoped for, I am very proud of myself for completing my first goal. Now, I hope to continue with the system and treat myself to another manicure in 2 weeks. Although I would not consider this a complete success, I have certainly improved on biting my nails less than I did before this exercise. 4. What do you consider to be your most important source of stress? Based on what you read about how to cope with stress, what do you consider to be the best way to effectively cope with this source ofShow MoreRelatedStress And Learning : How Stress Affects The Brain Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesStress and Learning: How Stress Affects the Brain Introduction Stress is a big factor in everyday life. It influences how we approach life and events. Stress is why people run tight schedules and diet regularly. The power stress has is a negative effect over our brain and our body. Many people do not understand how to cope with stress. Therefore, people suffer from physical illness due to stress. Learning is not taking place when someone undergoes stress. Literature Review According to researchRead MoreLearning The End Result Of Stress1835 Words   |  8 PagesLearning the end result of stress I also learned to notice symptoms of stress so that I can catch it early. Symptoms such as high blood pressure, headaches, having high tension, anxiety, procrastination, increase of smoking or drinking, and lack of sleep, all of these symptoms should be monitored by you because they will effect on how you function in the workplace. Noticing these symptoms you need to take action and make changes or the organization needs to make changes. A way that an organizationRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Learning And Behavior2421 Words   |  10 Pages EFFECTS OF STRESS ON LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR SUBJECT: PSY181 SUKHDEEP KAUR BHANGU STUDENT ID 4249910 12/9/2014 LEARNING, THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING SUBMITTED TO: SUSAN KATZâ€Æ' INTRODUCTION: Even though stress negatively affects physical and mental abilities. Stress is the cause of tensions, overwork and increasing demands. Generally, the Anxiety is a part of our life. We live with it, manage it, or more all stress over it. Our lifestyle, the region in which we live, the economy, and ourRead MoreAcademic Learning Problems Developing From The Stress1661 Words   |  7 PagesCollege students often find themselves overwhelmed with large amounts of stress pressing down on them. From the cost of education including loan debts and cost of materials, the amount of workload from each class and the responsibility of staying on top of everything, and the stress of social acceptance in a new environment. To help with this growing issue, parents and schools need to better prepare their graduates for what they will face in higher education schools by implementing college preparatoryRead MorePsychology : Learning, Development, Stress And Health, And Personality Theorie s1590 Words   |  7 Pagestheories that different people came up with to clarify how we act today. In this paper i’m going to use my knowledge of learning, development, stress and health, and personality theories and integrate them with my life. Although, as a child, observational learning and classical learning played roles in the way I am today; operant learning has really impacted me the most. operant learning is when reinforcements are used to either decrease or increase the probability of a behavior occurring again. ReinforcementsRead MoreA simple Approach to Managing Stress: Learning to Relax Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagestechniques in order to manage the stress in their lives. Have you found yourself overcome by stress in your life? Well there are things that you can do extraneously to relieve stress one is a hobby, others are exercise routines, become apart of self help groups or see a therapist. All of the aforementioned things can help a person take control of their life. The first course of action is to identify the causes of stress before a person can successfully learn to manage the stress that maybe consuming theirRead MoreCollege Retention Strategy And Csr Incorporating Strategy859 Words   |  4 Pages university. They had to deal with various emotional problems, stress home sickness, love affairs, transitional challenges, coping with the new environment and the circumstances. This paper tells about the independent learning abilities, how to attract millennial as employees, how to cope with stress, online learning. In higher education, millennial students struggle a lot of while doing their assignments and adjusting to new learning environment, career developments etc. Researchers give some decentRead More Stress Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pages Stress Stress is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wear and tearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? our bodies experience as we adjust to our continual changing environment; it has physical and emotional effects on us and can create negative feelings. As a positive influence, stress can help compel us to action; result in a new awareness and an exciting new perspective. As a negative influence stress can result in feelings of distrust, rejection anger, and depression, which in turn can cause health problems such as headaches, upset stomach, rashes, insomniaRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1286 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized tests can cause unnecessary stress on, already stressed, students. Reports show that stress levels increase during standardized testing. Three fourths of psychologist in New York claimed that statewide assessments create larger amounts of stress than school mandated assessments. In fact, students are more stressed than adults. On a ten point scale, students ranked 5.8; adults ranked 5. 1. When students are put under stress, their academic performance suffers. Stress affects the quality and amountRead MoreStress Inoculation1399 Words   |  6 PagesStress Stress is the â€Å"wear and tear† our bodies experience as we adjust to our continual changing environment; it has physical and emotional effects on us and can create negative feelings. As a positive influence, stress can help compel us to action; result in a new awareness and an exciting new perspective. As a negative influence stress can result in feelings of distrust, rejection anger, and depression, which in turn can cause health problems such as headaches, upset stomach, rashes, insomnia

In What Ways Did Sport Reflect Amercian Society in the 19th Century Free Essays

string(46) " was still a divisive factor amongst players\." In what ways did sport reflect American society? This essay will concentrate on looking at the ethnic and class divide within the sports subculture of American society, and how it reflects American Society as a whole. When examining any society there is a always a broad area to cover, while looking at America’s society I will be looking at the arguments that it is the ‘land of the free’ a ‘new nation’ which immigrants flocked to start a new life in a country of much ‘opportunity’. I will be using the sport in the 19th century to examine just how much America was a land of opportunity and of the free, and whether it differed from the attitudes in countries from around the rest of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on In What Ways Did Sport Reflect Amercian Society in the 19th Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now When looking at sport in American society in the 19th century, first we must look at the origins of the sport and games that were played, to see how they were seen within a new growing society. Before the birth of the American colonies, it has been argued that sport in America was a cultural practice for the most part associated with Native American ceremonies and religion, colonisation brought the idea of sport and games for leisure. The English brought with them recreational ideologies, it was not just the particular games and sports but the attitudes and practices in which leisure activities were rooted. The Native Americans had many sports/games similar to that of Europeans before colonisation but they had independent cultural contexts that gave them different meanings. Often the activities accompanied fertility ceremonies, burial rites, healing practices, and attempts to control the weather. It was reported in the American Anthropologist (1890) by James Mooney that Cherokees who played stickball (Also known as Lacrosse) must not engage in intercourse for a month before a game. Also, prior to games they would build fires and dance to the sound of drums, rattles and sacred chants. Players were prepared before games with prayer’s, pipe smoking, body painting and many other rituals designed more to enhance spirituality rather than to ensure them victory. Participation in these games was not voluntary as the reasons they were played were for crucial tribal concerns. Indeed, the English who came and colonised America also played games for similar cultural reasons, though these reasons were not as crucial of a concern for the whole nation, but for smaller areas of society. In general, the British played for leisure, in Europe this formed the counterpoint to the necessity of daily labour, and the ideal of playing sport for leisure is still very strong today all over the world. The English leisure ethic more so than its work ethic became idealised by Virginian plantation owners. They acted like English gentlemen, followed English press, fashion and played English sports such as Cricket, they did this in search of a class distinction. It was mainly for this reason that sporting displays became a big preoccupation among the Virginian gentry; they were some of the few that had the time and money to occupy themselves with such tasks. Due to this, leisure became a very class restricting custom, and the English educated gentry endeavoured to keep it this way. One such example of the class distinctions at this time within American society is that of James Bullocke who was a tailor, he defeated Mathew Slader a ‘gentleman’ in a 1674 horse race on which each man had placed a bet of two thousand pounds of tobacco. However, after this victory the county court told the men that it was â€Å"contrary to law for a labourer to make a race being a sport for Gentlemen†, and fined him one hundred pounds of tobacco. The court also confined Slader (the gentleman) to the stocks for an hour for his loss to a working man. A leading factor in the pursuit of leisure for whites was that slavery made it difficult for them to value hard work, and easy for them to appreciate sport and games. The logic of this was simple, if enslaved blacks had to work; play was proof of freedom and elevated social status. Labour was a burden of blackness, leisure was the prerogative of whiteness. The institution of slavery, in fact, compelled the vast majority of African Americans to â€Å"steal† time for leisure and recreation, just as they stole a certain kind of knowledge when they learned to read and write. The civil war however painful it was, had a good side to it as well, this being that it helped to bring a stop to slavery. This meant freedom, citizenship, and constitutional protections from the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments, however this did not mean too much to America’s black population. The good that came from the end of slavery was overshadowed by institutionalised racial segregation and repression that treated African American’s as second-class citizens. Many African Americans turned to sport and leisure to help cope with the racial discrimination, however this was not as easy as one may think it to be. Sport was used as a point of interest that brought many blacks together, Baseball was one of the most unifying of sports for African Americans with many early Black baseball teams, one of the earliest being the Pythian Baseball Club of Philadelphia, they consisted of four teams with players coming from the higher ranks of Black society. The Pythian’s played other black teams from around Philadelphia, including one of the most famous, the Excelsiors (the oldest black team in the city). The Pythian’s played for the unofficial â€Å"Colored Championship of the United States† in 1871, they carried a race’s pride when they played all be it separating themselves from the lower and middle classes in the African American society. This showing that although it became more acceptable for black players to play white sports, they were separated out from the white’s and class was still a divisive factor amongst players. You read "In What Ways Did Sport Reflect Amercian Society in the 19th Century" in category "Papers" So, ‘land of the free’ of ‘opportunity’ it does not look like it, when we see the divide between the players of this sport. Black athletes were involved in almost every sport by the end of the nineteenth century, however, boxing was one they had a larger representation and became most prominent in. Black athletes were more acceptable in boxing as it was believed that it was more suitable to the black athlete’s abilities and there was also a negative stigma attached to the sport. While in baseball black players were cultivating themselves a separate coloured league, boxing was a predominantly white organised sport and black boxers suffered the wrath of much of the white population as well as some from the black population too. A successful and controversial figure in boxing was Jack Johnson, the first American black heavyweight boxing champion, from a white point of view he showed many of the personal qualities disliked of blacks, Johnson was defiant, ill-mannered and incorrigible. Also, he married three white women and he was successful capturing the symbolism of Anglo-Saxon white superiority, the heavyweight boxing crown. Johnson was not just disliked by the whites for his behaviour, many in the black community thought that his actions hindered the progress of the race. He was a hero to many, but also was considered an embarrassment as he refused to act subservient. The way Johnson lived his life could be argued that he was a true pioneer of the ‘American dream’, an operator in the ‘land of the free’ that has taken the opportunity given to him and made it work. His boxing career was a quest for freedom, he formed his own unique style of fighting and his success gained him many of the material things many blacks craved but they would never achieve. Examining boxing, one could argue that this sport showed a truer interpretation of American Society than any of the others, America was supposed to be a ‘land of opportunity’ where people could emigrate, to achieve things that they would not be able to do in their homeland. However, was this sport mirroring American society or one of very few things that actually fell in line with the belief of the ‘American dream’? This being the story of one man, who ac hieved his own dream, at the cost of being disliked by many, surely a ‘land of the free’ would encourage his success. In conclusion, it is hard to fully understand American society from how it affected sport, whether it be racism, gender or class distinctions. One thing that is obvious to any historian looking at this subject, it is that these problems, however much people believe them to no longer be a problem in society, they still are. Class is no longer much of a problem within sport anymore, unless it is stopping you from joining the prestigious tennis of golf club, though these days money will buy you whatever class status you want. However, whether it is gender arguments such as prize funds at competitions such as Wimbledon, or the racism provided by fans to players of all different sports around the world, these problems will never go away. So is it wrong to judge America for its sporting/sociological crimes of the past? When looking at American society now it is still divided between sports which are seen as black and white, white sports such as ice hockey played in the northern states, and NASCAR in the southern states, black players are few and far between while Basketball is predominantly filled with black players. The truth is sport will always divide, the most recent divide in sport has come with homosexuality, David Kopay, was one of the only American Footballers to come out as gay in 1975. After he retired he was considered for many top coaching roles though he believes he never landed one because of his sexuality. Kopay is now on the board of the Gay and Lesbian Athletics Association, an organisation whose purpose is to increase acceptance and visibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender athletes in the professional, amateur, and recreational athletics communities. You could use this argument to show that sport does not reflect society as whole but more secular groupings. Modern day racism, homophobia, sexism are all hot topics but society overall is not reflected as any of these things, yet sport still is. To say that trends in sport reflect overall society can be strongly refuted, such as in the army, police force and many working environments these problems have become institutionalised and are a representation of a few minds, not a whole society. However much sport in American society separated and segregated people, the fact is that it has eventually brought everyone together to provide a more sturdy society. America proved itself for a small period of time to be a ‘land of the free’ a ‘new nation’ in which if an athlete was good at a sport it didn’t matter if he was different, the opportunity was still there. It may have taken over a hundred years but the class divide has gone and the divide between race and gender is being depleted. Sport is a catalyst for cohesiveness, and it has helped in the development and the creation of American society as we see it today. Bibliography Books Jable, J. Thomas. Sport in Philadelphia’s African American Community, 1865-1900. Eisen, G. ; Wiggins, D. (1994) Ethnicity and Sport in North American History and Culture. Praeger Publishers. Gorn, E. ; Goldstein, W. (1993) A Brief History of American Sports. University of Illinois Press. Chicago. Wiggins, D. ; Miller, P. (2003) The Unlevel Playing Field: A Documentary of the African American Experience in Sport. University of Illinois Press. Chicago. Vincent, T. (1981) The Rise ; Fall of American Sport: Mudville’s Revenge. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln. Wiggins, D. (1995) Sport in America: From Wicked Amusement to National Obsession. Websites http://www. glaf. org ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Pg6. Gorn [ 2 ]. Pg5. Gorn [ 3 ]. Pg5. Gorn [ 4 ]. Pg22. Gorn [ 5 ]. Pg21. Gorn [ 6 ]. Pg 7 Wiggins and Miller [ 7 ]. Pg157 Eisen and Wiggins [ 8 ]. Wiggins and Miller pg 34 [ 9 ]. Eisen, G Wiggins, K. Pg 134 [ 10 ]. Eisen, G Wiggins, K. Pg140 [ 11 ]. Eisen, G Wiggins, K. Pg141 [ 12 ]. http://glaf. org/team_bios. html How to cite In What Ways Did Sport Reflect Amercian Society in the 19th Century, Papers

Seeing is believing Essay Example For Students

Seeing is believing Essay Seeing is BelievingWhat is visualization? Author Belleruth Naparstek best describes visualization as, A direct, deliberate daydream, a purposeful creation of positive sensory images-sights, sound, smells, tastes and feel in your imagination(198). The object of visualization according to Sherry Amatenstein is, To imagine as clearly as possible that what you want has already occurred (156). Visualization allows individuals to mentally rehearse, plan, and practice a desired outcome for different situations. Naparstek states what makes visualization techniques work is, Our bodies dont discriminated between sensory images in the mind and what we call reality (18). Visualization techniques have been used to heal the body, improve health, and prepare for life events. Visualization techniques have been used to heal the body. Terry Tillman was a physically active entreprenuer that turned to visualization to restore a slipped disk that had left him immobilized from the waist down. After several weeks, Terry had amazed his doctors, who had confirmed the damaged vertebrae with x-rays, when he walked again. A few months later, Terry was running and eventually resumed the active lifestyle he previously had (Heide Banks 50-52). Therapist had taught cancer patient Garrett Porter, a nine-year old with a brain tumor, visualization techniques. Garrett had decided he would imagine rocket ships attacking the tumor. Several months later, all Garrett saw was normal brain in his imagery and a CAT scan had showed the tumor to be entirely gone (Bernie Siegel 154-155). Visualization has been used to improve health. Many people have employed imagery to rid themselves of stress and the ailments associated with it: such as, headaches, muscle tension, and stomach proble ms (Heidi Banks 55). Constant aches and pains are debilitating to the immune system and makes individuals more susceptible to colds, infections, and diseases. Individuals who had regularly visually purged or imagined the release of their stress experienced healthier lives with fewer illnesses than that of those who held on to the stress (Belleruth Naparstek 24).Visualization has been used to prepare for life events. Author Sherry Amatenstein had described herself as a wall flower when she went to parties, until she used visualization to rehearse for such occasions. After employing mental imagery she noticed that she was exuding confidence and actively socializing with others when she attended festive get-togethers (156-158). Utilization of visualization techniques has been a proven tool of many top-notch athletes(Wendy DuBow 77). Many world-class athletes have used visualization techniques to prepare for competition. By imagining their individual performance, prior to competition, t hey can plan and practice the desired result (Heidi Banks 53). Mentally seeing an event with all the variables and performance pressures allowed the athlete to mental create and rehearse any alternative plan that may be needed. When an obstacle arose the athlete could instantly recall and perform the programmed response (Wendy DuBow 77).Visualization has been used in many ways. Better health, preparation for life events and healing the body is a way visualization techniques have been employed.Author Heidi Banks quoted the Roman philosopher Marcus Aurelius whom had sagely said, Life is what our thoughts make it (54). So, what you see in your mind is what you get. Works CitedAmatenstein, Sherry. What You See Is What You Get. Mademoiselle Oct.1995: 156-159. Banks, Heidi. It Works for Me! Boston: Journey Editions, 1996. DuBow, Wendy. Do Try This at Home. Womens Sports and Fitness 19.4 (1997): 77-78. Naparstek, Belleruth. Staying Well With Guided Imagery. New York: Warner Books, 1994. Siegel, Bernie. Love, Medicine and Miracles. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1986.

Atsipalaidavimui po nuobodzios dienos Essay Example For Students

Atsipalaidavimui po nuobodzios dienos Essay Frosia tyliai izenge I pirti Ir is netiketumo sustojo ponas gulejo ant suolo kniupscias, o dvi mergos Natasa Ir Milasa , taipogi nuogos, stovedamos is abieju sonu paeiliui inirtingai caize berzinems vantomis iraudusi Ir zvilganti nuo prakaito galinga pono nugara. Ponas is malonumo mirkciojo Ir raukesi, pagiriamai kriuksedamasuz ypatingai stipru smugi. Pagaliau Jemaah Islamiyah liepe mergoms nustoti ir sunkiai alsuodamas atsisedo, nuleisdamas placiai isskestas kojas ant grindu. Giro! dusliai isake Jemaah Islamiyah. Vikriai smurkstelejusi I kampa, Natasa padave jam kausa giros. Numalsines troskuli ponas pastebejo tyliai prie duru stovincia Frosia Ir pirstu pakviete ja prieiti. Basomis letai zengdama slidziomis pirties grindimis, droviai dengdama savo nuoguma rankomis, jinai prisiartino Ir, nudelbusi is gedos akis, atsistojo priesais pona. Jai pasidare baisiai geda ziureti I nuoga pona, geda stai taip nuogai stoveti priesais Jemaah Islamiyah. Jai buvo geda del to, kad be jokio sumisimo seselio ja apziurineja salia stovincios dvi mergos, kurioms visiskai negeda savo nuogumo. Naujoke! riktelejo ponas, Koks vardas? greitakalbe mete ponas, ciupinedamas jos pilva, kojas, sedmenis.. . Frosia, tyliai istare Jemaah Islamiyah Ir staiga riktelejo is netiketumo Ir skausmo ponas stipriai spustelejo jos kaire kruti. Megaudamasis jos gyvu stangrumu, Jemaah Islamiyah vedziojo ranka aukstyn zemyn, pirstais liesdamas issiputusi tarp pirstu kruties pavirsiu, aptempta svelnia, lyg silkas oda. Trindama suskaudusia kruti, Frosia atsoko atgal. Ponas garsiai nusijuoke ir pagrasino jai pirstu. Isiteikdamos jam, pradejo kikenti ir abi mergos. Nieko, nieko, iprasi, kikendama pasake Natasa, dar ne Thai coach, boundary line geidulinga zvilgsni I pona. Tas Gb, patenkintai kikendamas, nuleido sau tarp koju ranka, kasydamas visas savo vyriskumo priedermes, atrodancias gana ispudingai. Jusu, mergiotes, uzdavinys, pratare Jemaah Islamiyah, mosikuodamas sustangrejusios varpos galvute, O kol Ka Taegu pasiziuri Ir proto igauna Na Gb, Milasa, poza! staiga riktelejo ponas Ir pasitempe savo masyviu kunu. Milasa isejo I pirties viduri, laisva nuo suolu Ir pasilenkusi atsireme delnais I grindis. Ponas prisiartino is uzpakalio, garsiai papliauksejo per slapius sedmenis Ir erziliskai pradejo stumti styrancia, lyg kuolas varpa po stangriais Milasos sedmenimis, greitai stumdamas varpos galvute I slidu jos lyties organo minkstima. Nuo apemusio susijaudinimo, jo veidas prisipilde krauju, burna persikreipe, kvepavimas pasidare nelygus Ir trukciojantis, o pusiau sulenktos per kelius kojos drebejo. Pagaliau varpos galvute praskleide isburkusias maksties lupas ir pono pilvas prigludo prie masyviu Milasos sedmenu. Ponas vel spustelejo, dabar jau inirtingai judindamas liemens apacia, su pasitenkinimu atsiduodamas lytiniam aktui. Milasa taip rap pilnai atsidave aistrai. Ji saldziai dejavo kiekviena karta, kai varpa panirdavo I ja Ir tuo rap metu padejo ponui, judindama savo ispudingus sedmenis ir pasitikdama varpa. Natasa stebejo si gyva paveiksla pilnai apimta veiksmo. Frosia, is pradziu suglumusi, palaipsniui eme realiai vertinti aplinka Ir ja labai supykde nuogu pono Ir Milasos kunu veiksmai. Ji zinojo, kas Thai yra, wager taip arti, taip betarpiskai Ir atvirai lytini akta tarp vyro Ir moters stebejo pirma karta. Kai ponas prisiglaude prie Milasos, Frosia suglumusi nusigreze, wager smalsumas nugalejo Ir Jemaah Islamiyah, pamaciusi, kad I ja niekas nekreipia demesio, eme stebeti vykstanti akta. Dar ne karto nepatyrusi vyro glamoniu, is pradziu Jemaah Islamiyah buvo gana abejinga, wager veliau pajuto kazkoki saldu mauduli Ir karsto kraujo sroves issiliejo Po visa jos kuna. Visiems dalyvaujantiems sustojo laikas Ir aplinka visu demesi prikauste tik vykstantis aktas, uzpildantis Ir mintis Ir jausmus. Staiga pona apeme konvulsiski traukuliai, jo akys uzsiverte Ir is jo krutines issiverze sunkus atodusis. Viskas.. . sunkiai atsiduso ponas Ir, pavargusiu zingsniu nuejes prie suolo, ant jo atsisedo. Milasa atsitiese, saldziai pasitempe Ir atsisedo ant kito suolo. Natasa, degtines! isake ponas. Ta, smurkstelejusi I priepirti, ant padeklo atnese buteli degtines ir inda su agurkais. Ponas isipyle sau, vienu mauku isgere ir eme triauskinti agurka.. Po to pripyle stikline vel Ir pirstu pasikviete Milasa. Ta prisiartino Ir taip rap vienu mauku ja istustino. Po to tokia glib porcija Natasa. Eiks Central Intelligence Agency! isake ponas Frosiai, pildamas stikline degtines. Frosia paeme degtine Ir pabandziusi nuryti pirma gurksni, uzsikosejo Ir beveik viska praliejo. Hamlet: Essay On Act I Frosia eme atsargiai ja plauti. Drasiau, drasiau! drasino ja ponas, placiai isskesdamas kojas. Frosia padejo I sali muila Ir abiem rankom eme Po vandens srove plauti muilo putas. Pono varpa slidinejo Ir blaskesi, tarsi gyva, o jos odele lengvai judejo Po jau vel tvirtejanti kuna. Kai vanduo pasibaige Ir varpa igavo savo naturalia isvaizda, ponas atitrauke odele, dengiancia rozine varpos galvute, ir vel pritraukes Frosios galva, isake: Pabuciuok, ir kuo stipriau! ir prispaude jos lupas prie stangrios varpos galvutes. Frosia pakstelejo lupomis, o ponas pakartojo si judesi keleta kartu. O dabar, ciulpk! sukomandavo ponas, vel prisitraukdamas Frosios veida prie savo pilvo. Kaip ciulpk ? , pasimetusi ir nesuprasdama suvapejo Frosia, isgastingai zvelgdama ponui I akis. Natasa, parodyk, stumtelejo peciu Natasa. Si pasilenke Ir, atstumusi Frosios galva, placiai issiziojusi isidejo pono varpos galvute I burna. Suspaudusi varpa lupomis atliko keleta ryjamu judesiu. Frosia neryztingai paeme varpa Ir, atvira burna apziojusi jos galvute Ir kakleli, pradejo ciulpti, lyg stora sardele. Galvute buvo svelni Ir stangri, o Frosios zandai Ir lupos jaute sutvirtejusi lyg kaulas varpos kuna. Jaute, kad jis gyvas Ir virpantis. Keistas dalykas, Frosia vel pajuto susijaudinima ir eme vis intensyviau laizyti Ir judinti, ciulpti Si nesuvokiamai jaudinanti gyva daikta. Pakaks! tare ponas, nenoredamas prieiti iki seklos issiverzimo Ir atstume Frosios galva. Dabar atliksime Frosios zvalgytuves, tare ponas Ir pakilo nuo suolo. Natasa, rodyk preke! Natasa paeme Frosia uz parankes ir, apsukusi rata, pastate priesais pona Stai crowbars jus uzpakaliukas, kas palies tas coach laimingas, pusiau dainuodama uztrauke Natasa, apsukdama Frosia priesais pona. Sis ciupinejo Frosios krutis, slaunis, pilva, sedmenis. Oxygen Po juo puiki audine! rode Natasa isvardintas kuno vietas. Ponas nuleido Frosios pilvu ranka zemyn Ir islinko pirstais jai tarp koju. Taip, audine Central Intelligence Agency puiki, paziuret kaip nors i ja, pritardamas uztrauke Jemaah Islamiyah, pirstais ciupinedamas Ir glostydamas merginos lyties organa. Frosiai, tik Ka isgyvenusiai lytini susijaudinima, sie prisilietimai buvo malonus Ir kutenantys. Jinai nejucia prieme sias glamones ir net praskete kojas. Taciau ponas susitvarde, mostu parodydamas suola. Natasa nuvede Frosia prie suolo Ir priverte ja atsigulti, sakydama: Mielai prasom preke apziureti, jokiu kliuciu tam nera. Natasa ir Milasa sustojo Frosiai is sonu, paeme ja uz koju Ir uzdainavo: Stai zveriukas, stai puikuolis, kas pagaus Tas ir saunuolis! Jos abi kartu pakele Frosios kojas Ir placiai jas isskete I salis. Crowbars akis atsivere vaizdas, visada slepiamas nuo svetimu akiu, o ypac nuo vyrisku. Frosia dar bande viena ranka prisidengti savo slapciausia vieta, o kita ranka akis, bandydama islaisvinti savo kojas, wager mergos stipriai jas laike Ir jai teko atsisakyti savo bandymo. Ko gero, ir Thai buvo numatyta rituale, Nes ponas, atstumdamas nuo apacios besipriesinancia merginos ranka, uztrauke: Tu neslepki savo grozio, as paduosiu jam drauguzi. Natasa su Milasa patrauke Frosios liemeni isilgai suolo, pritraukdamos jos dubeni prie suolo galo, kur stovejo ponas. Sis atsiklaupe emmet keliu Ir jo drauguzis atsidure viename lygyje su merginos makstimi. Sodium, drauguzi, na saunuoli, kisk galiuka siai grazuolei, uzdainavo mergos, o Jemaah Islamiyah neskubedamas praskleide didziasias lytines lupas ir eme vedzioti varpos galvute Po visas vietas, iki siol taip neglamonetas net svajonese. Ir Frosiai jau nebebuvo geda savo nuogumo. Atsirado vienas galingas geismas tureti vyro varpa savyje. Ji pradejo kilnoti pilvo apacia, dubeni, bandydama sugauti varpos galvute Ir numalsinti Ta nesuvokiama, nenugalima geisma. Del atsiradusio susijaudinimo jos lytines lupos isbrinko Ir sudreko. Pagaliau ir raps ponas nebeislaike savo saldziosios kankynes ir ivede varpos galvute I maksties prieangi, o Po to stipriai istume I smarkiai isitempusia mergaitiska gelme. Astrus, akimirksninis skausmas nusmelke merginos kuna, privertes ja nevalingai surikti, wager tuojau rap nepaaiskinamas, neapsakomas malonumas issiliejo jos kunu Ir Jemaah Islamiyah prarado realybes ir laiko jausma.. . A. Tolstojus